Multivariate Analysis Of Variance Method Research Articles

Application of three‐way mixed multivariate analysis of variance method to detect changes in chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) in building granites

AbstractIn the present work we determined the chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) for three building stones used in the heritage city of Ávila, Spain (World Granite Heritage City, 1988). The stones came from quarries and were subjected to 90 cycles of three types of accelerated ageing processes: (a) freezing/thawing together with cooling/heating (T1); (b) salt crystallisation (T2); and (c) freezing/thawing together with cooling/heating + salt crystallisation (T3). A three‐way mixed MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) was applied to the data obtained. Significant variations in the three chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were observed between the three types of accelerated artificial ageing processes compared to the data obtained from the quarry samples, with a tendency towards darkness (↓L*), redness (↑a*) and much less intensity towards yellowing (↑b*).

Assess the feasibility of flipped classroom pedagogy in undergraduate nursing education in Sri Lanka: A mixed-methods study.

BackgroundThe nursing education system has evolved with an increased emphasis on student-centred education, such as implementing flipped classroom pedagogy. Given the promising positive educational outcomes, the trend of using flipped classroom pedagogy has become increasingly popular in undergraduate nursing education. However, little is known about how these flipped classroom methods impact on nursing educational practices in limited-resource settings situated in South Asia.ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of implementing flipped classroom pedagogy in undergraduate nursing education from the nursing students’ perspective.MethodsThis mixed-methods study employed a quantitative survey and six focus group discussions conducted in three state universities in Sri Lanka. The Nursing Students’ Readiness for Flipped Classroom (NSR-FC) questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted by using 18 reflective and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance methods were employed when analysing quantitative data. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to summarize the focus group discussions.ResultsThe questionnaire survey revealed that nursing students reported high levels of personal, technical, and pedagogical readiness across all three universities, while environmental readiness was perceived as low. The inductive thematic analysis identified three themes, namely: enablers, challenges, and benefits. Specifically, nursing students valued the student-centred approach. They were ready to utilize their own devices to overcome limited technological provision; however, a short training session about how to engage in the flipped classroom was desirable. Also, their exposure to basic educational technology was perceived as adequate and they were aware of the positive outcomes of flipped classroom pedagogy.ConclusionNursing students were ready to enrol in a flipped classroom programme. The provision of technological resources in the education environment was identified as a great challenge for flipped classroom implementation. Overall, the findings indicate there are promising feasibilities for the flipped classroom implementation.

The Prediction of Divorce Adjustment through Emotional Adjustment with Emphasis on Gender Considerations

Introduction: In the growing number of divorces in Iran, the present study aimed to investigate the prediction of divorce adjustment through an emotional adjustment emphasizing gender considerations.
 Methods: The present study was a correlation study, and data were collected through questionnaires, field study, and library. The statistical population was all divorced women and men in Tehran city in 2017, and the sampling method was purposeful. The sample included 112 divorced women and 134 divorced men with an age range of 20-40 years. For data collection, the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS) (1) and Emotional Adjustment Measure (EMA) (2) were used. Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, and multivariate analysis of variance method were used for data analysis.
 Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between emotional adjustment and divorce adjustment (p<0.01, r=.29), and men have higher scores than women in these factors; also, emotional adjustment was a significant predictor of divorce adjustment (β=0.720, p<0.01).
 Conclusion: The results of this study reveal a series of post-divorce crises requiring management and restoration by divorced subjects. Although the challenges of life after divorce affect both sexes, women are faced with more harm in post-divorce time due to gender barriers. Therefore, programs to help increase emotional compatibility after divorce is recommended. Also, clarification of the divorce phenomenon is better to be considered from different aspects.
  

Hubungan Strategi Umpan Balik (Feedback), Motivasi Berprestasi dan Hasil Belajar Dalam Pembelajaran PPKn di SMK

Gagne (1985) and Marzano (2004), state that one of the important activities in effective learning is giving feedback on the results of evaluations or assignments that students work on. This study aims to examine the effect of providing feedback on learning outcomes (understanding and application of concepts) to students who have different achievement motivations in learning Pancasila and Citizenship Education in SMK. This study uses a quasi-experimental research design (Quasi Experiment). The subjects of this study were 126 students of SMK Negeri 5 Malang. The research instrument used to collect data was an achievement motivation questionnaire and a test of understanding and applying concepts. The research data were analyzed using the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) method with 2x2 factorial. The research findings are: (1) there are differences in learning outcomes (understanding and application of concepts) between groups of students who are given direct (immediate) and indirect (delayed) feedback treatment; (2) there are differences in learning outcomes (understanding and application of concepts) between groups of students who are low and high achievers and (3) the interaction of feedback with achievement motivation does not have a simultaneous effect on the learning outcomes of understanding and application of concepts in teaching PPKn in SMK.

Multivariate analysis of variance for multilevel data: a simulation study comparing methods

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is widely used to test the null hypothesis of equal multivariate means across 2 or more groups. MANOVA rests upon an assumption that error terms are independent of one another, which can be violated if individuals are clustered or nested within groups, such as schools. Ignoring such nesting can result in Type I error inflation, biased parameter estimates, and underestimated standard errors. This simulation study compared two approaches for testing the MANOVA null hypothesis of no group mean differences, when data come from a multilevel structure, under a variety of conditions. Results indicated that the multilevel MANOVA method of Snijders and Bosker, as well as an approach based on multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) controlled Type I error under most conditions. In addition, the SEM based method yielded slightly higher power than did the multilevel MANOVA, under some conditions. Implications for practice are discussed.

Dijital Bölünmenin Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ve MANOVA ile Ölçülmesi: Türkiye Örneği

The aim of the study is to determine the factors of individuals’ skills with regard to internet usage in Turkey by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and to analyze the factor indicators in order to clarify if they vary by gender, age and education level, i.e. if a digital divide is in question, by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) method. For that purpose, the data on “IT Usage – 2016” of Turkish Statistical Institute was selected as baseline. All data used in this study is categorical. Though, since Confirmatory Factor Analysis and MANOVA are methods using continuous variables, firstly, the variables were transferred to quantified variables by Optimal Scaling method, and before employing Confirmatory Factor Analysis and MANOVA methods, the validity of both multivariate normality and equality of variance-covariance matrices hypotheses was checked. The results obtained showed that the skill with regard to internet usage consists of four factors: personal intended internet activities, e-learning, e-government services, and software related activities. According to the MANOVA results, these factors significantly vary by gender, age, and education level, and thus, there’s a second and a third level digital divide between individuals in Turkey.

Uncovering the links between osteoporosis and diabetes

Introduction: Using an animal model for osteopenia to describe the distribution of Lead (Pb) throughout the body, we have reported that ovariectomized animals had significantly lower serum osteocalcin (OC) levels and higher, although nonsignificant, serum C-terminal peptide-bound crosslinks of collagen (CTX) levels than intact animals [1]. Here we present unpublished data on concentrations of elements of interest (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Na and Pb) in hard and soft tissues of the same animals, to uncover the links between osteoporosis and diabetes. The model makes it feasible to investigate such links, therefore the appropriateness of this approach is not only warranted but also justified by the 3RS principle for the use of animals in research. Materials and methods: The animal study was approved by the Ethics Committee of ISCSEM and was conducted following the Portuguese Law and EU Directive 2010/63/EU, in a licensed animal facility. Two groups of adult female Wistar rats of the same age were considered: normal intact rats (n = 7); and OVX animals (n = 7) ovariectomized between the 11th and 12th week of age. From age 6-months on, all animals received the same dose of Pb acetate in water (500 ppm) for 6 months. Tissues collected for analysis included lumbar vertebrae and femora bones, as well as blood and liver. The concentration of elements of interest in hard and soft tissues was determined by Wavelength Dispersive X Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) spectroscopy, using a 4kW commercial spectrometer (S4 Pioneer, Bruker AXS). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used in group comparisons, given the multiple correlations between elemental concentrations. Results: MANOVA methods show that OVX animals have significantly higher liver Cl, Na and Ca concentrations, whereas normal animals show significantly higher liver Pb and K concentrations, with observed power of 91.0%. Significantly lower serum OC levels were observed in the OVX group, with observed power of 72.7%, with no differences between groups for CTX levels. Lower Ca content was strongly suggested for trabecular bone of OVX animals. Discussion and conclusions: Significant differences in hepatic Ca concentration between OVX and normal animals suggest that Ca signalling mechanisms regulating gluconeogenesis, through modulation of hormones such as glucagon, insulin, vasopressin and adrenalin [2,3], may occur differently in the two groups. Moreover, since extracellular concentrations of cations such as K and Na markedly affect the hormonal activity effects on gluconeogenesis [4], the observed differences in the hepatic concentrations of such elements between the groups may further increase differences in gluconeogenesis in the two groups. Therefore, we postulated that bone turnover changes may impact on gluconeogenesis, which launched the basis for another research project linking osteoporosis to diabetes, nearly concluded in our laboratory.

A Bus Service Evaluation Method from Passenger’s Perspective Based on Satisfaction Surveys: A Case Study of Beijing, China

As an important part of urban public transport, bus service quality is an important factor affecting the choice of passenger travel mode. This paper constructs a set of satisfaction evaluation indicator systems from the perspective of passenger perception, covering the whole travel process. It is composed of 6 first-level indexes (timeliness, safety, convenience, comfort, reliability and economy) and 21 second-level indexes. Considering the scale of bus service in Beijing, this research carried out a stratified sampling on 100 bus lines and collected 3012 field questionnaire surveys. The basic information of the bus routes investigated, demographic questions and their opinions of the satisfaction of the bus service were all recorded in the questionnaire. After testing the reliability and validity of the indicator system, the paper proposes a satisfaction evaluation model weighted by the related coefficient. The results show that overall satisfaction score is 78.2 and the proportion of bus passengers who are satisfied with the bus service nearly 70%. Multivariate analysis of variance methods were employed to evaluate the satisfaction influencing factors. Conclusions can be drawn that the satisfaction score of timeliness is lowest, which is mainly influenced by three factors: the passenger’s age, travel purpose and time. The research provides positive contributions toward normalizing performance evaluation for public transportation and enhancing the sustainable development of bus.

Effect of Feedback Strategy and Motivation of Achievement to Improving Learning Results Concept in Learning Civic Education in Vocational High School

<p style="text-align: justify;">This study aims to examine the effect of feedback strategies on understanding and applying the concept of National ideology to students who have different achievement motivation, on learning Citizenship Education in vocational high schools. This research uses quasi experiment research design (Quasi Experiment). The subjects of this study were 133 vocational high school students. The research instrument used the achievement motivation questionnaires and test appraisal tools of understanding and application of the concept. Research data were analyzed using MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) method with 2x2factorial. The results reveal three findings, namely: (1) there are differences in posttest score of understanding and application of concepts between groups of direct and indirect feedback strategies; (2) there is difference of posttest score of understanding and application of concept between high and low achievement motivation group: (3) interaction between feedback strategy with achievement motivation does not influence simultaneously to understanding and application of concept.</p>

A Comparison of the Financial Characteristics of NAFTA and Latin American Manufacturing Firms

Comparing the financial characteristics of firms in different countries and different regions has been a popular research topic in finance. However, NAFTA and Latin American manufacturing firms have never been compared. In this paper, we undertake such a study with the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) method and with data drawn from the Research Insight/Global Vintage database in October 2015. Our findings indicate that NAFTA manufacturing firms have less liquidity risk, but more financial risk, compared with Latin American Manufacturing firms. NAFTA manufacturing firms have significantly higher returns on equity due to achieving higher returns on assets and using more financial leverage. Latin American manufacturing firms have more efficient inventory management. However, NAFTA manufacturing firms have more efficient accounts receivable management and total assets management.

A Comparison of the Financial Characteristics of U.S. and European Manufacturing Firms

Abstract Comparing the financial characteristics of firms in different countries and regions has been a popular research topic in finance. In this paper, we compare the financial characteristics of U.S. and European manufacturing firms with the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) method and financial ratios. Our findings indicate that the overall financial characteristics of U.S. and European manufacturing firms are significantly different. We find that U.S. manufacturing firms are more profitable and they have less liquidity and bankruptcy risks compared with European manufacturing firms. European manufacturing firms are more efficient in managing their fixed assets. However, U.S. manufacturing firms are more efficient in managing their accounts receivable and total assets. U.S. manufacturing firms are able to achieve significantly higher sales and total assets growth rates compared with European manufacturing firms.

A survey to investigate the association of pain, foot disability and quality of life with corns

BackgroundCorns are a common foot problem affecting a large proportion of the population. This study describes the characteristics of corns experienced by 201 participants taking part in a randomised controlled trial to investigate associations between demographic and corn parameters on pain, foot related disability and quality of life (QoL).MethodsPain from the main (index) corn was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS); foot related disability was assessed with the Foot Disability Questionnaire (now known as the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index) and quality of life was recorded with the EQ-5D questionnaire. The effect of demographic and corn parameters on the pain and quality of life outcomes was assessed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods. The effect of the same factors on a linear combination of the foot-related disability outcome measures was assessed using multivariate ANOVA methods. Pain was also tested for its mediating properties on the causal pathway between the independent variables and quality of life.ResultsThe mean pain score was 5.29 points on a 10 cm VAS, with females reporting substantively higher pain levels than males. Age affected foot-related disability, with lower levels on all domains of the MFPDI reported in older participants; each year of advancing age was associated with falls of: 0.009 points on the Concern about Appearance (CA) domain; 0.047 points on the Functional Limitation (FL) domain and 0.048 points on the Pain Intensity (PI) domain. Sex and corn type also affected disability, with higher scores reported by females and participants with plantar corns.ConclusionsThe effect of pain was shown to mediate the relationship between sex and foot-related disability. The presence of plantar corns has a more detrimental effect on QoL than dorsal/inter-digital corns.Trial registrationISRCTN 13166839

A Modified Region Approach for Multivariate Measurement System Capability Analysis

Measurement system capability analysis is to determine whether the measurement system is capable for use in quality control. The existing research has been extended from univariate to multivariate cases. Two approaches, the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the weighted principal components (WPC), were advocated in literature. The MANOVA method is constructed based on the volume ratio that treats the volume of constant-density contours as the variability estimations. However, it ignores the fact that the relative position change of multivariate measurement errors could affect the measurement system capability. The WPC method uses dimension reduction to reduce the complexity but is unable to build the precision-to-tolerance ratio because it does not include tolerance. In this paper, we propose a modified-region-based method to compute the precision-to-tolerance ratio, the percent of repeatability and reproducibility, and the signal-to-noise ratio. This method also incorporates the variance–covariance structure of the measurement errors when dealing with the constant-density contours of tolerances, total variation, and process variation. The performance of the modified-region-based method is evaluated based on a dataset from the literature and a set of relevant simulation. The proposed method proves to be effective compared with other methods.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reducing tool wear in micro electrochemical machining by cryogenic treatment

Pulse electrochemical micromachining (PECMM) is an unconventional manufacturing method suitable for the production of micro sized components on a wide range of electrically conductive materials. Absence of cathode wear during electrolysis is a major advantage of electrochemical machining. However, tools are often chemically corroded by certain electrolytes used in PECMM. In this study, cryogenic treatment was performed to improve the corrosion resistance of tungsten tools to achieve increased tool life in PECMM. Using one-way multivariate analysis of variance method, optimum cryogenic cycle parameters for the PECMM were established. Compared to an untreated tool, a reduction of about 10% to 45% in tool wear rate and 0% to 80% in corrosion rates, and 20% to 200% increase in MRR were observed on electrochemical machining with tools that were cryogenically treated.

Apnea Testing: The Effects of Insufflation Catheter Size and Flow on Pressure and Volume in a Test Lung

The apnea test is used to determine the absence of respiratory drive when determining brain death. Current guidelines for performing the apnea test do not specify the size of insufflation catheter (IC) to use with each endotracheal tube (ETT) size, despite case reports describing procedure-related complications with the use of various IC sizes. We studied the effect of the ratio of IC outer diameter to ETT inner diameter on the pressure and volume generated within the lungs during the apnea test. We tested ETTs with inner diameters of 6.0-10.0 mm, IC outer diameters of 10-16 French, and oxygen-supply tubing, at oxygen flows of 6-15 L/min, in an intubation manikin connected to a test lung. The multivariate analysis of variance method identified significant differences in the pressures and volumes during the apnea test (P < .001), and the Tukey method identified significant differences in the pressures and volumes associated with IC/ETT ratios ≥ 0.7 and < 0.7 (P < .05). An IC with an outer diameter < 70% of the ETT inner diameter, at 6 L/min, may prevent inappropriate lung pressure and volume during the apnea test. This recommendation, coupled with current American Academy of Neurology guidelines for the determination of brain death, may reduce the risk of procedure-related complications.

An Assessment of Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility with Multiple Characteristics

Abstract Measurement system analysis plays an important role of many continuous improvement initiatives in the manufacturing industry. Measurement systems are commonly evaluated by performing a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GRR) study. In some circumstances, manufacturing tests in a GRR study may have multiple characteristics with a multivariate normal distribution. To determine the preferred method for a GRR analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) are applied to data taken from two real cases. Three performance measures [precision to tolerance ratio (PTRM), the percentage of repeatability and reproducibility (%RRM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNRM)] are used to evaluate the adequacy of the measurement process. The results show that the MANOVA method is suitable for a GRR study with multiple characteristics.

Quality of life: international and domestic students studying medicine in New Zealand

International students form a significant proportion of students studying within universities in Western countries. The quality of life perceptions of international medical students in comparison with domestic medical students has not been well documented. There is some evidence to suggest that international medical students may have different educational and social experiences in relation to their domestic peers. This study investigates the levels of quality of life experienced by international and domestic students studying medicine. A total of 548 medical students completed the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. The focus of the analysis was to evaluate differences between international and domestic students in their early clinical years. The responses were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance methods. International medical students are experiencing lower social and environmental quality of life compared with domestic peers. International medical students in New Zealand have expressed quality of life concerns, which likely have an impact on their academic achievement, feelings of wellness, acculturation, and social adaptation. The findings reinforce the need for creating stronger social networks and accessible accommodation, as well as developing systems to ensure safety, peer mentorship and student support.

Early Individual Experience with Distal Venous Arterialization as a Lower Limb Salvage Procedure

This prospective randomized study reported early results of the treatment of 36 unreconstructable patients with critical lower limb ischemia. The patients were divided into two groups: 12 were treated with distal venous arterialization (DVA) and 24 were conservatively (CT) using antiplatelet drugs. There were seven men and five women with an average age 64.3 ± 9.9 in DVA and 13 men and 11 women with a average age 67.1 ± 10.8 in CT groups of patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the validity of DVA as the limb salvage procedure. During the period of monitoring, morbidity and mortality rates were 50 and 0 per cent at DVA versus a mortality rate in the CT group of 33.3 per cent (P < 0.05). The mean follow-up period for DVA was 4.8 ± 3.9 months (range, 1 to 14 months) versus 4.9 ± 2.4 months (range, 1 to 9 months) for the CT group (P > 0.05). Graft patency was 83.3 per cent with two early graft thromboses. There were significant differences between the two groups in limb salvage (91.7% DVA vs 12.5% CT, P < 0.001), pain relief (75% DVA vs 8.3% CT, P < 0.001), and wound healing rates (77.8% DVA vs 0% CT, P < 0.001). Lactate level in the blood of deep venous system after repeated measuring was significantly decreased after the multivariate analysis of variance method was applied (F = 7.691, P < 0.01). Hemodynamic parameters such as systolic digital pressure and digitobrachial systolic pressure index were increased after revascularization using Student's t test (P < 0.001). The DVA may improve the outcome of the treatment of the patients for whom the conventional bypass procedure mainly was not possible.

Age-dependent congener profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the general population of Taiwan

A congener profile of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) could provide valuable information for identifying possible sources of exposure to these compounds. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with PCDD/F congener profiles in the general population of Taiwan. Serum samples from 251 subjects of the general population in Taiwan were collected, and the levels of 17 2,3,7,8-chlorinated substituted PCDD/Fs were measured. The relationships between PCDD/F congener profiles and demographic parameters were evaluated using a multivariate analysis of variance method (MANOVA). Of the five demographic factors investigated, age was found to have the greatest impact on PCDD/F congener profiles. The PCDD/F congener pattern for the group I subjects (aged 18–29) was significantly different from those for the other three older age groups ( p < 0.001), and 12 congeners contributed to the effects (difference index: 71%). In addition, the group I subjects did not exhibit trends parallel to those of the other groups in the relationship between age and PCDD/F levels. Age was associated with PCDD/F levels and congener profiles in the general population of Taiwan and the young subjects (aged 18–29) was quite different from the other older subjects that could be influenced by the individual differences in pharmacokinetics and/or background exposure from dietary sources. We conclude that investigators must consider subjects’ age and other underlying factors that could influence PCDD/F congener profiles in humans when identifying exposure sources.

Analysis of repeated measures: A comparison of alternative method

Data arising from repeated measurements of experimental units occur in many occasions in forestry and related fields. Very often such data are analysed without considering their several peculiarities, like correlation between successive measurements and heterogeneity of variances, which may lead to erroneous conclusions. The present study was undertaken with the objective of identifying appropriate methods of analysis of data from long term trials characterised by repeated measurements on experimental units. In this study, three different methods of analysing repeated measures, viz., two way analysis of variance, univariate mixed model analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance methods were compared using data collected from a study on several soil properties observed from multiple core samples from 0-15, 15-50 and 50-100 cm layers under six different types of vegetation and another study on annual yield of latex from rubber trees in three years and the appropriate methods of analysis to be followed in respective cases were identified. The study revealed that multivariate analysis of variance is the most appropriate method of analysis for majority of the soil properties as well as for annual yield of latex from rubber trees.